The Gender Differences Of The United States Work Force

Nona Mitoyan Professor Darin English 101 November 30, 2014 Sex Segregation in the U.S. Work Force This research paper focuses on the gender differences that take part in the U.S. workforce. It discusses the manner in which men and women are subtly segregated. We refuse to believe that discrimination as such continues to exist in the 21st century, yet it’s the ugly truth. A gender gap is created due to differences in authority, pay, and promotion. Research shows us that economic variations exist and, through past cases we see that even though it has been twenty-five years that Title VII has passed; segregation ceases to exist. Coined by Hymowitz and Schellhardt in the Wall Street Journal more than twenty years ago, the barriers women face in the workplace earned the term â€Å"glass ceiling,† continues to exist in U.S. labor. It is important to draw attention to this problem, because it stands as a prevalent issue as women strive for equal success as men, yet are held back. Have you ever stopped to consider why such drawbacks prevail in our society? Most wish to believe it’s due to women playing dual roles as mothers and full time employees. Others believe that it’s a mere coincidence, and that segregation no longer takes a role in our world. From a young age, gender segregation is inculcated beyond our notice. Boys wear blue and girls wear pink. Boys play with cars, guns, and video games, while girls play with dolls, make-up, and have tea parties. This inception of genderShow MoreRelatedEqual Pay Difference Between Men And Women879 Words   |  4 Pagesit or not there is a income pay difference between men and women. The question is why men are getting paid more, when women are doing the same job. One job occupation that is currently dealing with the issue, are doctors. Male doctors are receiving more money than the female doctor. Although many individuals claim that the difference is because men work supplementary hours or sometimes tou gher jobs than women they should make more than the opposite sex. This gender pay gap is unfair and could possiblyRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1315 Words   |  6 Pagesaccording to the sociological view. The United States has quite a few social problems, one of which being inequality between men and women. I seek to find why inequality or sexism between men and women has become a social problem within the United States. â€Å"Sexism,† as defined by dictionary.com, is attitudes or behaviors based on traditional stereotypes of gender roles within society. As well, it is discrimination or devaluation based upon an individual’s sex or gender. Although sexism doesn’t excludeRead MoreGender Wage Inequality1630 Words   |  7 PagesOne cannot begin the discussion of gender pay gap without defining it. Simply put, gender pay gap is the inequality between men and women wages. Gender pay gap is a constant international problem, in which women are paid, on average, less than that of their male counterpart. As to if gender pay gap still exist, its exactness fluctuates depending on numerous factors such as professional status, country and regional location, gender, and age. In regards to gender, in some cases, both men and womenRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1705 Words   |  7 Pages For generations, women and men have been held to different standards when it came to the work force and in recent years, the United States has began to see a breakthrough with these barriers starting to diminish. However, pay inequality still remains prevalent. Men and women working the same jobs are not receiving the same wages and that doesn’t make sense to majority of society. As of 2013, women are only making about 78% of what men make (Hill, 2015) and into 2015 we’re still hovering around theRead MoreGender History : Women And Women1602 Words   |  7 PagesGender history focuses on the fundamental idea of what it means to be defined as a man or woman in history. Gender historians are concerned with the different changes that occur within a society, during a particular period of time in regards to the perceived differences between women and men. Also, they are concerned with the impact of gender on various historically important events. Gender history developed because traditional historiography excluded women from ‘universal’ and ‘gen eral’ historyRead MoreEffects Of Gender Discrimination On The Workplace1229 Words   |  5 Pagesour country has made great strides in the area of gender equality in and out of the workplace. With that being said things are still not equal. Women still on average make less than men for the same jobs. Even though they make up almost half of the workforce they are not treated as equals. What causes this blatant discrimination against the female sex? There are so many factors that add to gender discrimination on the workplace but it seems that gender bias, stereotyping, having children and even howRead MoreThroughout Centuries Gender Has Been A Social Construct1363 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout centuries gender has been a social construct that enforces gender norms and as a result, gender inequality was born. Gender inequality has prevailed and can be observed throughout most cultures, education, labor force, and in our own personal lives. At a very young age we are introduced to a gender identity based upon the sex we were born with. Girls are associated with the color pink, dolls, nurturing tendencies, and inclined to be more emotional. While boys are associated with theRead MoreThe Gender Pay Gap1639 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gender Pay Gap PROBLEM Introduction The pay gap between men and women has fallen quite dramatically over the past 30 years though a sizeable gap still remains, but this headline figure masks some less positive developments in recent years. We are used to each generation of women making progress relative to the one before, but this process has slowed slightly with the better than the previous one(Centre Piece Summer 2006). The gender pay gap measures the earning differences betweenRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling: A Human Capitalist Perspective Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout the United States. The level of the `glass ceiling varies among organizations and is reflected in different employment patterns, hiring practices, and promotion plans (Adler 451). The purpose of this paper is to provide background as well as a more in-depth analysis of the glass ceiling phenomenon and apply a human-capitalistic theorist perspective to the issues. Women are underrepresented in managerial (Adler 451) and executive level positions within organizations in the United StatesRead MoreThis Paper Will Discuss And React To The Constitutional1319 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitutional laws that exist today and have progressed throughout the years regarding gender variants and their human rights in the workplace. The overview of acts and occupational differences will mainly be focused on Australia and the United States through comparing and contrasting their specific regulations and the average work gender variants choose based on the individual’s societal views. In reality, gender variants/people of the LBGTQIA committee are affected significantly by discrimination

The Social Problem That Is Affecting The Black Community

In this paper I will discuss the social problem that is affecting the Black Community currently. Since the establishment of this country our ancestors, regardless of what background or ethnicity, have fought and lost their lives to live in this country that we call the Land of The Free. I believe that this motto should be stood by, but it is not. It is very ironic due to the fact that it really is not the land of the free if put into perspective. When we think about all the problems in the world, it is more like the land of the prisoners. Our country has the highest incarceration rate in the world. It is stated, â€Å"†¦per a population of 100,000 people, 716 are incarcerated†(Wagner, web). When comparing that to the following country, United Kingdom, their ratio is 147 people are incarcerated per every 100,000. These statistics speak endless amounts of words about our country and the problem is occurring right in front of our eyes. Within these high incarceration rates t hroughout the U.S. we can also see how Blacks are being sentenced longer and harsher for the same crime committed as whites. This is due to the unjust actions in our criminal justice system being corrupted by the judges who have different interpretations that are sentencing citizens based on their own reasoning and opinions. Without knowing it, this is affecting blacks in their communities and the country itself. The rest of my paper will discuss this social problem further. Problem: To begin, the role occupantShow MoreRelatedThe Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality1472 Words   |  6 Pagestowards multi social groups’ underlying different issues mostly affecting African Americans. These issues highlighted by Collins include, â€Å"a set of ideas and social practices shaped by gender, race, and sexuality that frame Black men and women’s treatment of one another, as well as how African Americans are perceived and treated by others† (p.7). These ideas encapsulate a false understanding of the issues surrounding the persecutions the black community undergoes frequent. The notion of Black sexual politicsRead MoreHow Your Position On Society Affects Your Education1721 Words   |  7 Pagesoccupying the highest levels of the social classes. The issue of education inequality is not a new problem in the American society for it traces its roots back to the early times of slavery. Besides, the prevalence of racism even in the cont emporary society contributes to impacting the attainment of education equally among all people. Consequently, the aspect of social stratification or social class position within the society plays a significant role in affecting individuals’ education in the societyRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Social Problem957 Words   |  4 Pagesis a social problem? Social problem is every conditions that is recognized as a social problem existed for some time before it came to be â€Å"defined† as such. What is a drug abuse in the social problem? Drug abuse is desire to use more drug than enough or than what prescription of the doctor in order to be comfortable and stimulants at the end the user become addicted and hopeless. Drug can be used with any gender according the age in the different environment and location, such as Community, societyRead MoreThe Theory Of The Victim Mentality Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pagesothers for the challenges in their life, even without clear evidence of such situations. This attitude leads to lack of diversity of ideas by the victims to solve problems or change the situation they are in as they believe it is not their fault and therefore they can do nothing about it. Philosophy helps study the fundamental problems concerning such matters as the reason, language, and issues to resolve such personalities. Through Epistemology, it is easier to understand the nature of knowledgeRead MoreA Book Based On Experiences And Life Of Dr. Otis Brawley1398 Words   |  6 Pageshot new drugs. He also expressed his thoughts on racism in medicine. He explains reasoned analysis of racially driven information, why black people are afraid of taking medical aid and about his experience as a black doctor practicing, and his interactions with black and white patients, where black people are afraid of doctors where as white not trusting a black doctor. He explains about project LEAD a breast cancer advocacy group founded by Dr. Susan where all the members in this group are trainedRead MoreRacial Inequality : Guess Who 11352 Words   |  6 PagesRACIAL INEQUALITY IN GUESS WHO 1 The 2005 film Guess Who illustrates how racial inequality is present within society, and how race is used by our society to create and manufacture social categories. This film is about a black female named Theresa and a white man named Simon that fight against the racial inequality present within their society and choose to be together. Stereotypes, prejudice, ethnic chauvinism, and racism are prevalent concepts throughout the movie. Most of these concepts are displayedRead MoreWhy Do People Become Homelss1750 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness is a problem that have getting out of hands because of not addressing the situation on time. The focus is not so much the why but, if it will ever stop. 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Racism Racism is defined as an ideologyRead MoreKey Social Problems Affecting Africans Americans Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pages Though social problems affect a wide variety of people from all races, classes, and cultures; minorities, specifically African Americans, encounter social problems on a multi-dimensional basis. Poverty, employment rates, discrimination, and other social problems strike African Americans in such a way that it is nearly impossible to separate them; each individual has different background, socially and physically, that would determine in which order his or her social problems need to be solved. ImpoverishedRead MoreThe Racism Of Black Resentment900 Words   |  4 PagesWhat happen to Jim Crow racism? Blacks are no longer second class citizens of the United States after the social movement of civil rights. Wrong, a new ideology has developed which still constitute racism; it is called color blind racism. The idea that blacks are better off today than 50 years ago, but will not reach the superiority as whites hold in many institutions. Color blind racism ideologies operate in four frames which is abstract liberalism, biologization of culture, naturalization of

Calculus in Genetics Essay Example For Students

Calculus in Genetics Essay Introduction In recent decades the advancements achieved in bioengineering have helped us develop a better understanding of the origins from which humans and other living creatures spur. The discovery of the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the key to all bioengineering. The DNA is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses. The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. An allele is one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene. Each gene can have different alleles. Sometimes different alleles can result in different traits. Occasionally different DNA sequences of alleles will have the same result in the expression of a gene. With the help of mathematics and molecular biology scientists are now able to determine how close genetically different nationalities are compared to one another. The contents of this research paper will demonstrate how Calculus is used to establish the genetic similarities between various populations. The table bellow shows the relative frequencies of four alleles in four different populations, the Eskimo, the Bantu, the English, and the Korean. AlleleEskimoBantuEnglishKorean A?. 29. 10. 21. 22 A?. 00. 09. 07. 00 B. 03. 12. 06. 21 O. 68. 69. 66. 57 The allele frequency of each of the populations can be expressed as a four dimensional vector. In this exercise we label with â€Å"a? † the vector showing the square roots of the relative frequencies of the alleles in the Eskimo population. Let â€Å"? †,†? †,†? † be the corresponding vectors for the Bantu, English, and Korean population. The genetic distance between two populations is defined by the angle between the corresponding vectors. We define the angle between two n-dimensional vectors, ? and ? using the dot product: cos? =(v w ? )/? v ? w ? =(v_1 w_1+v_2 w_2+? +v_n w_n)/? v w , provided? v ,? w 0 With the angle formula and the information provided by the allele table we can estimate with a fair amount of accuracy how far apart the four populations are from one another genetically. To prepare we will create a glossary of our vectors and their magnitudes written i n the proper mathematical notation. First we list the components of each vector: a ? =v(. 29) i ? +v(. 00) j ? +v(. 03) k ? +v(. 68) h ? b ? =v(. 10) i ? +v(. 09) j ? +v(. 12) k ? +v(. 69) h ? c ? =v(. 21) i ? +v(. 07) j ? +v(. 06) k ? +v(. 66) h ? d ? =v(. 22) i ? +v(. 00) j ? +v(. 21) k ? +v(. 7) h ? Second we find the magnitude of each vector: ?a ? ?=v(? v(. 29)? ^2+? v(. 00)? ^2+? v(. 03)? ^2+? v(. 68)? ^2 )=1 ?b ? ?=v(? v(. 10)? ^2+? v(. 09)? ^2+? v(. 12)? ^2+? v(. 69)? ^2 )=1 ?c ? ?=v(? v(. 21)? ^2+? v(. 07)? ^2+? v(. 06)? ^2+? v(. 66)? ^2 )=1 ?d ? ?=v(? v(. 22)? ^2+? v(. 00)? ^2+? v(. 21)? ^2+? v(. 57)? ^2 )=1 Using the definition, is the English population closer genetically to the Bantus or the Koreans? Explain. First we find the angle between the Bantus and the English population by plugging in the values of their components and magnitudes into the dot product equation for finding an angle between two vectors. Then we solve for †?. † The angle is: ?= cos^(-1)? ((b ? †¢c ? )/? b ? c ? ? )=cos^(-1)? ((v(. 1) v(. 21)+v(. 09) v(. 07)+v(. 12) v(. 06)+v(. 69) v(. 66))/(1†¢1))? 10. 272 ° We use the same process to determine the angle between the Korean and the English population. The angle is: ?= cos^(-1) ((d ? †¢c ? )/(? d ? ?†¢? c ? ? ))=? cos^(-1)? ((v(. 22) v(. 21)+v(. 00) v(. 07)+v(. 21) v(. 06)+v(. 57) v(. 66))/(1†¢1))? 19. 857 ° When we compare the obtained values for both angles we see that 10. 272 °

Medicare Reform an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Medicare Reform Introduction Medicare was enacted in 1965 as a compromise on the road toward a comprehensive system of national health insurance. The Medicare program, enacted on July 30, 1965, as Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, is the most important piece of health insurance legislation in U.S. history like most great compromises, its original design reflected prevailing concepts about health benefits and health care delivery that have changed substantially in the last thirty-five years. As the second largest social insurance program in the United States after Social Security, Medicare continues to provide tremendous benefit to beneficiaries and their families, who might otherwise individually bear the entire health care costs associated with aging. More than a safety net, Medicare gives seniors and the disabled access to the highest-quality health care. But as the United States enters the twenty-first century, Medicare is facing several significant challenges that threaten the very principles on which the program was originally based. Need essay sample on "Medicare Reform" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Effect on Health Care Because capitation creates incentives for health plans to reduce utilization and possibly to stint on needed services, increased attention has been focused on measuring quality of care and health plan performance. A review of the literature performed by Robert Miller and Harold Luft (1997) showed mixed evidence regarding the quality of clinical care provided by managed care organizations in general. This should be unsurprising, since HMOs across the country differ greatly in the populations served, local market conditions, the amount of care delegated to physician organizations, and physician payment incentives. In its final form, Medicare included two parts, Hospital Insurance (Part A) and Supplementary Medical Insurance (Part B). The major benefits covered under Part A originally were ninety days of hospital care per episode of care plus sixty lifetime reserve days, one hundred days of post-hospital care per episode in a skilled nursing facility (SNF) if preceded by an inpatient admission, one hundred post-hospital home health visits per year, and one hundred ninety lifetime days of inpatient psychiatric care. Hospice benefits were added later, and home health care was shifted to Part B. Part B covered most physician services, outpatient hospital services, and durable medical equipment. There was no coverage for outpatient prescription drugs, nor any limit on a beneficiary's out-of-pocket expenses. The original Medicare benefits package remains essentially unchanged. Impact on Cost Medicare program has imposed increasing financial burdens on beneficiaries. From a system wide perspective, the impact of premium support on beneficiaries would depend on where the level of government support is set relative to the current Part B premium and average expenditures for Medigap premiums. Since a principal goal of the premium support approach is to limit the federal government's financial obligation, the federal contribution could be expected to decrease as a proportion of the total premium if health costs resume a high rate of growth. By definition, the financial burden on beneficiaries would increase. All beneficiaries in traditional Medicare currently pay the same premium for Part B and face the same deductibles and coinsurance rates. Under premium support, health plans would be free to vary each of these factors. The financial impact on beneficiaries would differ depending on the premiums offered by health plans in their area and which plan they chose. In fact, this is the intent of premium supportto create a financial incentive for beneficiaries to select a lower-cost health plan. Impact on Quality However, health plan premiums may not reflect true differences in efficiency and quality, but instead differences in health status that cannot be fully accounted for because of inadequate risk-adjustment mechanisms. Without adequate risk-adjusters, beneficiaries with severe disabilities or chronic illnesses may receive better care if they remain in the traditional program. In addition, not all beneficiaries live in markets with sufficient health plan competition, so beneficiaries in these markets could be subject to significantly higher costs. One study estimated out-of-pocket costs for traditional Medicare or a high-priced private plan could reach more than 39 percent of beneficiary income by 2025 (Moon, 1999). Overall, no significant differences were found in the clinical quality of care provided by HMOs and FFS health plans. Their review did note several studies in which chronically ill and vulnerable patients had significantly worse outcomes when enrolled in an HMO in comparison with traditional Medicare. A Florida study showed that Medicare HMOs in the state enrolled beneficiaries who were healthier than those who stayed in traditional Medicareand that health plan members were more likely to disenroll when they incurred higher utilization, that is, when they became sicker (Dudley et. al., 1998). Evidence on member satisfaction is mixed as well.78 Enrollees in FFS plans generally are more satisfied with the nonfinancial aspects of care, such as quality of physician interaction and access to specialists. HMO enrollees tend to be more satisfied with their cost of care in comparison with the out-of-pocket costs incurred by enrollees in an FFS plan. However, individuals with chronic illness enrolled in managed care plans report a significantly higher level of dissatisfaction than chronically ill persons in an FFS health plan (Druss et al., 2000). In Favor Group The program was positioned as a solution to the financial difficulties of the elderly that resulted from use of medical services, particularly costly hospitalization, rather than one that would comprehensively address their health needs. As a strategy to temper the AMa's opposition, physician services were not included in the initial Medicare proposals. Between 1958 and 1963, numerous congressional hearings and intense lobbying took place on the subject of Medicare. Although it was now generally accepted that there was strong public support for a program of health insurance for the elderly, there was vociferous debate between social insurance and welfare advocates regarding the benefits and structure of the program and whether it should be administered by the federal government or by the states. President John F. Kennedy strongly supported providing hospital insurance for the elderly through the Social Security program. However, he was unable to obtain the support of the majority on the House Ways and Means Committee, which had authority for proposed legislation requiring new federal expenditures and whose members included a conservative coalition of Republicans and Southern Democrats opposed to expansion of federal programs. Finally, the landslide Democratic victories in the 1964 elections led President Lyndon Johnson to make hospi tal insurance for the elderly the first piece of legislation introduced into both houses of Congress as part of his Great Society program. Opposed Group There is probably no element more important to equitable implementation of a competitive market approach to Medicare reform than developing an adequate risk-adjustment mechanism. In a social insurance program such as traditional Medicare, risk is pooled so those beneficiaries with extensive health needs pay the same premium as do those who are healthy. Traditional FFS offers an incentive to provide additional services to those with the greatest need, even if this incentive results in overprovision of care. Medicare HMOs, however, receive a fixed amount per beneficiary, which creates an incentive to attract the healthiest members and to provide fewer services. As noted by one recent report, [t]he more the Medicare beneficiary risk pool is split up, the greater the burden on the risk-adjustment mechanism to protect universal access (Urban Institute, 1999). In 1996, 5 percent of elderly Medicare beneficiaries accounted for 45 percent of program. In its purest form, defined contribution would limit the obligation of the federal government by providing beneficiaries a fixed dollar amount with which they would purchase their own health insurance in the private market. The amount of the government contribution would be adjusted for inflation using a standard economic indicator such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) or the GDP. Thus, federal Medicare expenditures would be fixed at a targeted level, equal to the government's contribution multiplied by the number of eligible beneficiaries, and beneficiaries would pay any difference between the cost of the plan they chose and the federal contribution. Conclusion Medicare was implemented in 1965 as an incremental step toward national health insurance in the United States. Thirty-five years later, it survives as the country's second largest social insurance program and is likely to continue well into the twenty-first century as a separate program. The fundamental challenge facing the future of Medicare is whether it will continue to be a defined benefits program, or whether it will transition to a defined contribution program. When Medicare was enacted, a founding principle was that it was supposed to reflect mainstream medicine, including mainstream delivery and payment methodologies. One obvious question regarding the future of Medicare is whether various reform proposals are consistent with this original principle. Despite the substantial movement during the past two decades toward defined contributions for pension benefits in the private sector, defined contributions for health benefits are still not common (Marquis & Long,1999). Before be ginning a grand experiment with the future of Medicare, perhaps policy makers should wait until the private market fully embraces this reform. In the meantime, incremental efforts to expand benefits and offer additional subsidies to low-income beneficiaries are likely to reduce existing disparities within the program and to improve the health and financial stability of those who are most vulnerable. REFERENCES Druss, B. A., Schlesinger, M., Thomas, T., and Allen, H. (2000). Chronic Illness and Plan Satisfaction Under Managed Care. Health Affairs, 19, 203209. Dudley, R. A., Miller, R. H., Korenbrot, T. Y., and Luft, H. S. (1998). The Impact of Financial Incentives on Quality of Health Care. Milbank Quarterly, 76, 649686. Marquis, M. S., and Long, S. H. (1999). Trends in Managed Care and Managed Competition, 19931997. Health Affairs, 18, 7588. Miller, R. H., and Luft, H. S. (1997). Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care? Health Affairs, 16, 725. Moon, M. (1999). Restructuring Medicare: Impacts on Beneficiaries. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute. Urban Institute. (1999). Can Competition Improve Medicare? A Look at Premium Support. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, p. 16.